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Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment

Russian Phase Zero Operations in Europe, September 9, 2025 to October 23, 2025

Russian Phase Zero Operations in Europe, September 9, 2025 to October 23, 2025

Note: ISW assesses that Russia has entered “Phase Zero,” the informational and psychological condition-setting phase of its campaign to prepare for a possible NATO-Russia war in the future. The Phase Zero maps cover airspace violations, espionage, maritime blockades, arson, saboteur detentions, and other malign acts.